facebook timeline

Step1:Go to Your Facebook

Step2: go to this link  https://developers.facebook.com/apps

Step3:Click Allow button..........

Give a name to your App ,and namespace and click continue

Step4:Click Create New App.............. on the top off the page,developer page opens ,setting select

Setp5: In developer page  page select OPEN GRAPH,which is left of the page..........

Step6: Open Graph Window opens.........in that type in the give textboxs..... People can see a Profile 

Step7: wait for 2 to 4  min...............

Step8: open a  new window,log to ur home page in the top u can see.......... introducing to timline.......click time line................

Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)

Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). At low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephonecalls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.

 SONET generic criteria are detailed in Telcordia Technologies Generic Requirements document GR-253-CORE. Generic criteria applicable to SONET and other transmission systems (e.g., asynchronous fiber optic systems or digital radio systems) are found in Telcordia GR-499-CORE.

SONET and SDH, which are essentially the same, were originally designed to transport circuit mode communications (e.g., DS1, DS3) from a variety of different sources, but they were primarily designed to support real-time, uncompressed, circuit-switched voice encoded in PCM format.The primary difficulty in doing this prior to SONET/SDH was that the synchronization sources of these various circuits were different.

 This meant that each circuit was actually operating at a slightly different rate and with different phase. SONET/SDH allowed for the simultaneous transport of many different circuits of differing origin within a single framing protocol. SONET/SDH is not itself a communications protocol per se, but a transport protocol.


Due to SONET/SDH's essential protocol neutrality and transport-oriented features, SONET/SDH was the obvious choice for transporting Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) frames. It quickly evolved mapping structures and concatenated payload containers to transport ATM connections. In other words, for ATM (and eventually other protocols such as Ethernet), the internal complex structure previously used to transport circuit-oriented connections was removed and replaced with a large and concatenated frame (such as OC-3c) into which ATM cells, IP packets, or Ethernet frames are placed.


Definition: SONET is a physical layer network technology designed to carry large volumes of traffic over relatively long distances on fiber optic cabling. SONET was originally designed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for the USA public telephone network in the mid-1980s.


SONET possesses several characteristics that make it appealing on the Internet today:

SONET defines clear interoperability standards between different vendors' products SONET can carry nearly any higher-level protocol (including IP), and SONET includes built-in support for ease of management and maintenance.

The speed and cost of SONET make the technology competitive with alternatives like ATM and Gigabit Ethernet.

Also Known As: Synchronous Optical NETwork  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking  

LED printer

An LED printer is a type of computer printer. LED technology uses a light-emitting diode array as a light source in the printhead. The LED bar pulse-flashes across the entire page width and creates the image on the print drum or belt as it moves past.

LEDs are more efficient and reliable than conventional laser printers, since they have fewer moving parts. Depending on design, LED printers can have faster rates of print than some laser-based designs, and are generally cheaper to manufacture. 

Laser systems rely on elaborate combinations of rotating mirrors and lenses that must remain in alignment throughout their use.


The laser scans from one end of a line to another, then starts on the next line. Unlike laser printers, an LED printhead has no moving parts. Although used differently, a similar principle was used in Nintendo's Virtual Boy.

LED printing was invented by Casio.

The C3000 Series, C5000 Series and C9000 Series from OKI Printing Solutions are Digital LED Colour printers. With their fixed arrays of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and precision lenses, they have fewer moving parts, less complexity, and an intuitively more efficient printing method than laser, inkjet and solid ink.

In the Single Pass Colour process, the paper medium follows a streamlined path, passing beneath four in-line printheads – one each for cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK) – the fuser, and out to the user. Simple, effective and fast.

Colour laser technology, on the other hand, requires four passes – not one – to process a 4-color image. Only when the fourth pass is completed will all of the toner be fused to the paper. More time is expended while the laser-produced image is completed, transferred and fused.

Single Pass Color Digital Technology puts colour on the paper with exacting accuracy – up to true 1200 x 1200 dpi output – for breathtaking reproduction and presentation-quality documents in less time than ordinary technologies and for less overall cost.

Digital LED and Laser printers are both examples of electrophotographic technology.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) printheads uses a single, pixel-size, modulating light source to recreate images. This beam emanates from a stationary array containing thousands of LEDs. Light from each diode passes through a focusing lens onto an image drum that serves as a pohotreceptor. Toner is attracted to this latent image and transferred to the paper. (Figure 1)


Laser printheads also use a single light source. However, this beam is aimed at a revolving mirror that reflects it through a series of focusing lenses and off a mirror to an image drum. Toner is attracted to this latent image and transferred to the paper. Lasers produce the same results as Digital LEDs. (Figure 2)

Toner-based printers from OKI Printing Solutions employ both Digital LED and Laser Technology.

PCL & PostScript printing explained

PCL Driver and PostScript Driver - what's the difference?

Understanding your printer

PCL and PostScript are both essentially languages used by your printer in order to convert data into a finished print job. Each language has its advantages and disadvantages - PCL is best for everyday, text-based office documents, while PS is more suited to large PDF or other image-heavy documents.

PCL

Printer Control Language or PCL, is a widely used printing language, supported by many different Operating systems (e.g. Windows). This enables the same printer to work in many different environments. PCL is device dependent, which means that its drivers use the printer hardware for creating some of the printed data (usually graphics data like fill areas and fonts). Because the printer completes the creation and processing of page data, your computer processes the print job more quickly and efficiently. However, individual printers may perform these tasks differently, giving you a slightly different output.

Advantages

• Fast print processing.
• Widely supported in many different Operating Systems

Disadvantages

• The same print job may vary slightly from printer to printer
• Quality of graphics dependent on the print device
• Not supported in most Macintosh environments. For everyday office documents we recommend using the PCL driver.

PostScript

PostScript language or PS is also a common printing language and is used heavily in Macintosh platforms, as well as for graphic applications in other platforms. Unlike PCL, PostScript is device independent, which means that the Postscript language creates all of the print data and does not rely on the printer for print data. This ensures consistent output, even when printed on more than one type of printer. Graphic objects will be consistent and, in some cases, of higher quality than PCL.

Advantages

Graphic objects are often more detailed

The same print file should print identically on all print devices

Disadvantages

Print processing can be slow

Not found in as many platforms as PCL

Print file and memory requirements are larger. Oki recommend using the PostScript driver when printing PDF documents and when printing from graphic applications like Illustrator, Photoshop or Quark. All trademarks acknowledged.


Refer:

okindo

e-waste

What is e-waste?

E-waste is a term used to cover almost all types of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) that has or could enter the waste stream. Although e-waste is a general term, it can be considered to cover TVs, computers, mobile phones, white goods (e.g. fridges, washing machines, dryers etc), home entertainment and stereo systems, toys, toasters, kettles – almost any household or business item with circuitry or electrical components with power or battery supply.

Why is e-waste growing?

E-waste is growing exponentially simply because the markets in which these products are produced are also growing rapidly as many parts of the world cross over to the other side of the ‘Digital Divide’. For example, between 2000 and 2005, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) notes a 22% growth in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in China¹. Furthermore, China was the 6th largest ICT market in 2006, after the US, Japan, Germany, UK and France². This is astounding when one considers that just ten years ago, under 1% of China’s population owned a computer³. Computers are only one part of the e-waste stream though, as we see that in the EU in 2005, fridges and other cooling and freezing appliances, combined with large household appliances, accounted for 44% of total e-waste, according to UNU’s Study supporting the 2008 Review of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive⁴. 

Rapid product innovations and replacement, especially in ICT and office equipment, combined with the migration from analogue to digital technologies and to flat-screen TVs and monitors, for example, are fuelling the increase. Additionally, economies of scale have given way to lower prices for many electrical goods, which has increased global demand for many products that eventually end up as e-waste.

How much e-waste is there?

Because so much of the planet’s e-waste is unaccounted for, it is difficult to quantify e-waste amounts. Moreover, the types of e-waste included in government-initiated analyses and collection programmes vary from country to country. Under the current version of the WEEE Directive, the EU has 10 distinct product categories, whereas in North America it is typically limited to Information and Communications Technology (ICT) products and televisions and in Japan to four product categories including TVs, air conditioners, refrigerators and washing machines. 

The deviation in categorization of e-waste notwithstanding, reasonable estimates are in the order of 40 million tonnes p.a., which is enough to fill a line of dump-trucks stretching half way around the globe. A recent review of European legislation on e-waste, known as the “Waste Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE)” Directive (mentioned earlier), highlights that in 2005 in Europe alone, there were between 8.3 and 9.1 million tonnes of e-waste, tendency rising. In Australia, with an average of 22 electrical items per household, the Australian Bureau of Statistics has estimated that in the next two years, most of the 9 million computers, 5 million printers and 2 million scanners in Australian homes will be replaced⁹. In the US the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) has reported that the US generated 1.9 to 2.2 million tonnes of e-waste in 2005, with only 12.5% collected for recycling¹⁰.

Why is so much e-waste unaccounted for?

The US-EPA has estimated a 5 to 10% increase in the generation of e-waste each year globally. Perhaps even more alarming is that only 5% of this amount is being recovered¹¹ – so where are the other 38 million tonnes? In Europe the review of the WEEE Directive by the United Nations University found that 25% of the total weight of the EU’s e-waste in 2005 was unaccounted for. Astoundingly, this finding clearly demonstrates that there was no scientific data available to explain where over 6 million tonnes of e-waste is going each year. So why is so much e-waste unaccounted for? – We don’t really know for sure. Enough is known to suggest a few explanations, such as illegal shipments to developing countries, like China and India; domestic ‘informal’ processing centres; as well as the e-waste that remains in the sheds, attics and storage rooms of sentimental owners.

E-waste – A global challenge

In summary one can clearly grasp and understand the e-waste problem is of global concern because of the nature of production and disposal of waste in a globalized world. Although it is difficult to quantify global e-waste amounts, we do know that large amounts are ending up in places where processing occurs at a very rudimentary level. This raises concerns about resource efficiency and also the immediate concerns of the dangers to humans and the environment. There is a long and often complicated chain of events in the e-waste problem, beginning from an idea that someone has for a new product and then its production, ending in its purchase and eventual disposal by the end user. By engaging with various stakeholders and relevant scientific wisdom within this chain of events, we are on the way to Solve the E-waste Problem (StEP).

Phase Change Memory - PCM

Are the constraints of traditional memory architectures holding back your groundbreaking designs? New, revolutionary phase change memory (PCM) merges the best attributes of NOR, NAND, and RAM, offering unprecedented capability in a single, nonvolatile memory chip.

Phase-change memory (also known as PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, Ovonic Unified Memory, Chalcogenide RAM and C-RAM) is a type of non-volatile computer memory. PRAMs exploit the unique behavior ofchalcogenide glass. Heat produced by the passage of an electric current switches this material between two states, crystalline and amorphous. 

Recent versions can achieve two additional distinct states, in effect doubling their storage capacity. PRAM is one of several new memory technologies competing in the non-volatile role with the almost universal flash memory. The latter technology has a number of practical problems that these replacements hope to address.

Serial PCM for Design Simplicity

Our phase change memory (PCM) combines the best traits of traditional memory technologies into a single, nonvolatile device with a straightforward serial interface. Ideal for high-density SPI architectures, P5Q products simplify design, improve system performance, and extend the capabilities of a wide variety of applications

Parallel PCM for Performance and Endurance

Our P8P phase change memory (PCM) combines the best traits of traditional memory technologies into a single, nonvolatile device with a performance-boosting parallel interface. Ideal for high-end high performance embedded applications, second-generation P8P products increase performance, improve endurance, and simplify software management.

Features	Benefits
Density: 128Mb (90nm lithography)	Supports growing high density embedded serial market
I/O bus width: quad (single/dual supported) 66 Mhz (maximum) single/dual I/O 50 Mhz (maximum) quad I/O	High performance to match leading-edge serial NOR
Package: SOIC-16	Standard SPI package
Programming time: 0.9MB/sec.	Up to 3x improvement vs. 65nm SPI NOR
Byte-alterable	Improves system performance by not having to perform erase operations
Endurance: 1,000,000 cycles	Reduces system and software management. Ideal for write intensive applications
Single supply voltage: 2.7 - 3.6V	Supports full 3.3V voltage range
Temperature range: -40ºC to +85º & 0ºC to +70º	Supports industrial or commercial temperature for a wide variety of embedded applications

Ultra Mobile Broadband(UMB)

This OFDMA-based air interface feature of the CDMA2000 mobile phone allows users to work within OFDMA technology standards by implementing various antenna strategies that are used within several applications. These techniques provide potential peak rates upward of 280 million bits per second. With a bandwith of nearly 20MHz, Ultra Mobile Broadband works to improve a system's capacity by increasing the amount of data that runs throughout it. UMB offers data speed capabilities of nearly 275 M bits per second downstream as well as 75 upstream.

UMB 101

Ultra refers to the speed in which the technology supports a specific increase in data transmission. This speed is associated with the rate in which various forms of online media i.e. voice, entertainment, IT, multimedia, broadband and consumer electronics are delivered.

Mobile defines the support feature of many different wireless services that offers users a full-flow online environment. Some of the wireless services available include: UWB, Wi-Fi and WiMAX.

Broadband explain the high speed capability of the UMB service. This speed is calculated by order of hundreds of megabits per second.

What's Included in UMB

UMB offers increased user data rates by utilizing a management system that will accommodate different services. Through a high RL sector, these services are available through various L1 and L2 handoffs throughout the system. By implementing various FL antenna method techniques, users are offered a reduced amount of interuptted service. Through various power control techniques, this user data interface offers a CDMA control channel through a low-signal service. With a relatively new IP structure support, various inter-technology handoffs are offered to its users. This multi-carrier acquisition allows for a real-time service through a series of wideband devices.

This energy-conserving method enhances one's existing connection and thus, lowering the overall cost. This effective feature helps to expand other technological opportunities as well. UMB offers a complete mobile environment by providing its users with coexisting IP-based services. This standard will begin mid 2007 and will continue to grow through 2009. Ultra Mobile Broadband offers various tradeoffs with existing technologies including: 1xEV-DO and CDMA2000 1X. UMB supports both macro and mirco cellular cells through central topologies.

Why UMB Works

This high bandwidth technology incorporates an existing TCP/IP network that allows for a near impossible application offering. This high quality service has help to improve bandwidth network capabilities as well as increased the efficiency of the overall service. With a larger, better capacity, UMB infuses a breathing phenomenon within it. This concept involves the increased difficulty of microcell additions within the service as well as limits the overall bandwidth availablity to various handset users.

QR code

Who I AM?

A QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response code) is a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional code) first designed for the automotive industry. More recently, the system has become popular outside of the industry due to its fast readability and comparatively large storage capacity. The code consists of black modules arranged  in a square pattern on a white background The information encoded can be made up of any kind of data (e.g., binary, alphanumeric, or Kanji symbols)

What Are QR codes?

They look like this:

They come to us from Japan where they are very common. QR is short for Quick Response (they can be read quickly by a cell phone). They are used to take a piece of information from a transitory media and put it in to your cell phone. You may soon see QR Codes in a magazine advert, on a billboard, a web page or even on someone’s t-shirt. Once it is in your cell phone, it may give you details about that business (allowing users to search for nearby locations), or details about the person wearing the t-shirt, show you a URL which you can click to see a trailer for a movie, or it may give you a coupon which you can use in a local outlet.

The reason why they are more useful than a standard barcode is that they can store (and digitally present) much more data, including url links, geo coordinates, and text. The other key feature of QR Codes is that instead of requiring a chunky hand-held scanner to scan them, many modern cell phones can scan them. The full Wikipedia description is here.

How can you use QR codes to benefit search marketing?

We are only just scratching the surface of how they will be used. We have added one to every business listing in our directory. Here are a few examples of how others are using them.

A business card company showing how they are using them for businesses:

How will Google see them?

If you add them to your website, the search engines will see that your pages have changed, and that you are updating pages. The search engine will see a new image and index it accordingly. At some point soon, the search engines will likely recognize QR codes and possibly index the content in them.

Will your customers use them?

Today, few may use them, but those that do will certainly appreciate your tech knowledge, and those that don’t will certainly be inquisitive, which may open the door for conversation and a potential sale. Those that do use QR codes will definitely have a high tech know-how and may be more receptive to your presence on the web, your Twitter presence, Facebook, MySpace, YouTube etc.

How could you use a QR code?

Your business, no matter how small or large, could use QR codes in a number of ways. You might auto generate one next to every product on your web site containing all the product details, the number to call and the URL link to the page so they can show their friends on their cell phone. You could add one to your business card containing your contact details so its easy for someone to add you to their contacts on their cell phone.

Add them to any print advertising, flyers, posters, invites, TV ads etc containing:

• Product details
• Contact details
• Offer details
• Event details
• Competition details
• A coupon
• Twitter, Facebook, MySpace IDs
• A link to your YouTube video

Want to know more about QR codes? Check out these articles:

• QR Codes: Are You Ready For Paper-Based Hyperlinks?
• How To Use QR Codes In Social Media
• Microsoft Tags: A Compelling Alternative To QR Code Hyperlinks
• Close-Up With Google’s New QR Code Generator

More Reffer:-

searchengineland.com

Touch screen

A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. Touchscreens are common in devices such as all-in-one computers, tablet computers, and smartphones.

The touchscreen has two main attributes. First, it enables one to interact directly with what is displayed, rather than indirectly with a pointer controlled by a mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one do so without requiring any intermediate device that would need to be held in the hand. Such displays can be attached to computers, or to networks as terminals. They also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as the personal digital assistant (PDA), satellite navigation devices, mobile phones, and video games.


What is a touchscreen?

A touchscreen is any monitor, based either on LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) or CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology, that accepts direct onscreen input. The ability for direct onscreen input is facilitated by an external (light pen) or an internal device (touch overlay and controller) that relays the X,Y coordinates to the computer.

Resistive Touchscreen Technology

Resistive LCD touchscreen monitors rely ona touch overlay, which is composed of a flexible top layer and a rigid bottom layer separated by insulating dots, attached to a touchscreen controller. The inside surface of each of the two layers is coated with a transparent metal oxide coating (ITO) that facilitates a gradient across each layer when voltage is applied. Pressing the flexible top sheet creates electrical contact between the resistive layers, producing a switch closing in the circuit. The control electronics alternate voltage between the layers and pass the resulting X and Y touch coordinates to the touchscreen controller. The touchscreen controller data is then passed on to the computer operating system for processing.

Sandbox (computer security)

Sandbox

In computer security, a sandbox is a security mechanism for separating running programs. It is often used to execute untested code, oruntrusted programs from unverified third-parties, suppliers, untrusted users and untrusted websites.

The sandbox typically provides a tightly-controlled set of resources for guest programs to run in, such as scratch space on disk and memory. Network access, the ability to inspect the host system or read from input devices are usually disallowed or heavily restricted. In this sense, sandboxes are a specific example of virtualization.

Sandbox technology is something that is getting more and more publicity lately, but still many individuals and particularly your average home user don’t really know much about it.  Since the infocarnivore blog focuses on the simpler side of security with the aim of assisting individuals who aren’t computer security experts I thought I’d write a brief post outlining sandbox technology.

What is it?

Today’s Sandbox technology as it relates to computer security is simply put a method of separating running programs from each other.  It’s not to be confused with the Sandbox Effect related to search engines, orSandbox Technique used by software development companies.  A security sandbox is essentially a virtual environment where programs can run safely without having an effect on the overall system.  This is especially useful when browsing the web or testing an untrusted program from perhaps an unknown or untrusted source

LTE: Long Term Evolution

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth. Work on LTE began at 3GPP in 2004, with an official LTE work item started in 2006 and a completed 3GPP Release 8 specification in March 2009. Initial deployments of LTE began in late 2009.

 

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth. Work on LTE began at 3GPP in 2004, with an official LTE work item started in 2006 and a completed 3GPP Release 8 specification in March 2009. Initial deployments of LTE began in late 2009.

LTE is part of the GSM evolutionary path for mobile broadband, following EDGE, UMTS, HSPA (HSDPA and HSUPA combined) and HSPA Evolution (HSPA+).  Although HSPA and its evolution are strongly positioned to be the dominant mobile data technology for the next decade, the 3GPP family of standards must evolve toward the future. HSPA+ will provide the stepping-stone to LTE for many operators.

The overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high performance radio-access technology that offers full vehicular speed mobility and that can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to easily migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE over time.

 LTE capabilities include:

• Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
• Uplink peak data rates up to 86.4 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
• Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
• Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz in the study phase
• Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by two to four times
• Reduced latency, up to 10 milliseconds (ms) round-trip times between user equipment and the base station, and to less than 100 ms transition times from inactive to active

Reffer for more:

4gamericas

LTE

lte-tutorials 

lte-presentationppt 

ppt download 

Domain Name System(DSN)

The Domain Name System (DNS)is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network.
It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide.
An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the phone book for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses 192.0.32.10 (IPv4) and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6).

How does DNS work?

DNS is like a massive phonebook for all IP addresses. When you type in a domain name, your computer will first contact a name server to "look up" the IP address that corresponds to the domain name in a process called "Resolving DNS".

Unlike a phonebook, however, DNS is not a centralized server that contains all the domains and the IP addresses on the Internet. DNS is built as a distributed database of independent name servers. Each name server is responsible for mapping a certain set of domain names to IP addresses. There's a complex system of redundancies, overlaps and failovers, but all you need to know is that when you type in a domain from anywhere in the world, it will always point to the same IP address. As a requirement, every website is required to have at least two name servers, in case one is unavailable.

Besides resolving IP addresses used for web browsing, DNS servers may also contain other information, such as MX records, used for email traffic, and others

Decide on a user friendly domain name Your domain name (your URL) should reflect your Website name, as an example this website is named Web-Work At Home which is close enough to what my URL is (http://web-workathome.com) It's important to do this because people who visit your site will automatically associate your websites name with the URL, so they will remember it more easily and when they want to visit your site again assuming they haven't bookmarked it the cookies in their browsers will automatically fill in your URL. In general people are creatures of habit and will associate words with images (aesthetics are important as well); this reinforces your chance of being visited more often.

DNS Summary

In summary, this is what you need to know about DNS:
IP addresses are unique numerical identifiers for each device connected to the Internet. For example, 72.14.204.99.
Domain names are easy to remember, human-friendly entries that point to IP addresses. For example, Google.com.
DNS is the system that keeps track of all the domain names and which IP addresses they point to.
Note: Currently, we use a 32-bit IP address space, known as IPv4, such as those used in the examples in this article. But now, we're running out of unique IPv4 addresses to assign. To solve this problem, the Internet has been transitioning to a 128-bit address space, known as IPv6, which is expressed as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. This transition will expand the number of usable IPs from roughly 4.2 billion to 340 undecillion, which translates to more than the number of visible stars per every living person.