Data Fabric - Seminar Topic 2022

 Data Fabric Abstract

The data fabric is an architecture that facilitates the end-to-end integration of various data work lines and cloud environments through the use of intelligent and automated systems. In the last decade, developments within hybrid cloud , artificial intelligence , the Internet of Things (IoT), and edge computing have led to the exponential growth of big data, creating even more management complexity for businesses. This has made unifying and managing data environments an increasing priority, as this growth has created significant challenges such as data silos, security risks, and overall decision-making bottlenecks. data management teamsare tackling these challenges head-on with data fabric solutions . They are leveraging them to unify their disparate data systems, integrate management, tighten security and privacy measures, and give workers, particularly business users, more access to data.

What is a Data Fabric?

The data fabric is an emerging design concept for data management that addresses the challenges of data complexity. Its goal is to provide an agile enterprise database to support a wide variety of business use cases. The notion of a data fabric is closely tied to DataOps and initiatives for data modernization and digital innovation in general.

A data fabric can be thought of as a fabric that connects data from multiple locations (edge, core, and cloud), data types, and data sources, with methods to access that data. For users consuming applications and systems alike, it abstracts away the complexities associated with underlying data storage, movement, transformation, security, and processing.

A data fabric is not a replacement for more traditional data management architectures such as data lakes, data warehouses, data concentrators, and databases. Instead, a data fabric includes those systems as active participants in a unified approach.

Data fabric architecture

Leveraging data services and APIs, data fabrics bring together data from legacy systems, data lakes , data warehouses , sql databases, and applications, providing a comprehensive view of business performance. Unlike these individual data warehouse systems, its goal is to create more fluidity in data environments, trying to counteract the problem of data gravity, that is, the idea that data becomes more difficult to move to as they grow in size. A data fabric abstracts away the technological complexities involved in moving, transforming, and integrating data, making all data available across the enterprise.

That said, this is just an example. There is no single data architecture for a data fabric, as different businesses have different needs. The diverse number of cloud providers and data infrastructure implementations ensure variation between companies. However, companies using this type of data structure exhibit similarities in their architectures that are unique to a data fabric. More specifically, they have six fundamental components, which Forrester (link external to ibm.com) describes in the "Enterprise Data Fabric Enables DataOps" report. These six layers include the following:

1. Data management layer: This is responsible for data management and data security.
   
   Data ingestion layer: This layer begins to piece together the data from the cloud, finding connections between the structured and unstructured data.
   
   Data processing: The data processing layer refines the data to ensure that only data relevant to the data extraction is displayed.
   
   Data Orchestration: This critical layer does some of the most important work for the data fabric: transforming, integrating, and cleansing data, making it usable for teams across the enterprise.
   
   Data Discovery: This layer shows new opportunities to integrate disparate data sources. For example, you might find ways to connect data in a supply chain data mart and customer relationship management data system, enabling new opportunities for product offerings to customers or ways to improve customer satisfaction.
   
   Data Access: This layer enables data consumption, ensuring the correct permissions for certain equipment to comply with government regulations. Additionally, this layer helps display relevant data through the use of dashboards and other data visualization tools

Data Fabric vs. Data Virtualization

Data virtualization is one of the technologies that enables a data fabric approach. Instead of physically moving data from various on-premises and cloud sources using the ETL (extract, transform, load) standard, a data virtualization tool connects to the different sources, integrating only the necessary metadata and creating a layer of virtual data. This allows users to tap into source data in real time.

Conclusion

Data fabrics are still in the early stages of adoption, but their data integration capabilities help businesses with data discovery, enabling them to take on a variety of use cases. While the use cases that a data fabric can handle may not be too different from other data products, it differs in the scope and scale that it can handle, as it eliminates data silos. By integrating multiple data sources, companies and their data scientists can create a comprehensive view of their customers, which has been particularly useful with banking customers. 

Source Website:

https://ibm.com/in-en/analytics/data-fabric

5G technology

5G technology ABSTRACT

5G technologies will change the way most high-bandwidth users accesstheir phones. With 5G pushed over a VOIP-enabled device, people willexperience a level of call volume and data transmission never experienced before.5G technology is offering the services in Product Engineering,Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions)etc.

As the customer becomes more and more aware of the mobile phonetechnology, he or she will look for a decent package all together, including allthe advanced features a cellular phone can have.

Hence the search for newtechnology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to outinnovate their competitors. Recently apple has produced shivers all around theelectronic world by launching its new handset, the I-phone. Features that aregetting embedded in such a small piece of electronics are huge.

What is 5G?

5G networks are the next generation of mobile internet connectivity, offering faster speeds and more reliable connections on smartphones and other devices than ever before.

Combining cutting-edge network technology and the latest high-specced devices, 5G should offer connections that are multitudes faster than current hookups, with average download speeds of around 1GBps expected to soon be the norm.

The networks are expected to supercharge Internet of Things technology, providing the infrastructure needed to carry huge amounts of data that allows for a smarter and more connected world.

5G networks are already starting to appear and are expected to launch across the world by 2020, working alongside existing 3G and 4G technology to provide speedier connections that stay online no matter where you are.

https://www.techradar.com/in/news/what-is-5g-everything-you-need-to-know

5G is a unified platform that is more capable than 4G

While 4G LTE focused on delivering much faster mobile broadband services than 3G, 5G is designed to be a unified, more capable platform that will not only elevate mobile broadband experiences, but also support new services such as mission-critical communications and the massive IoT. 

5G will also natively support all spectrum types (licensed, shared, unlicensed) and bands (low, mid, high), a wide range of deployment models (from traditional macro-cells to hotspots), as well as new ways to interconnect (such as device-to-device and multi-hop mesh).

 What is 5G?

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It will take a much larger role than previous generations.

5G will elevate the mobile network to not only interconnect people, but also interconnect and control machines, objects, and devices. It will deliver new levels of performance and efficiency that will empower new user experiences and connect new industries. 5G will deliver multi-Gbps peak rates, ultra-low latency, massive capacity, and more uniform user experience. For the latest information on 5G, you should visit our 5G website.

What are the other generations of mobile networks?

The other mobile network generations are 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G.

1G delivered analog voice.

2G introduced digital voice (e.g., CDMA). 

3G brought mobile data (e.g., CDMA2000). 

4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile Internet.

https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/5g/what-is-5g

REPORT 5G TECNOLOGY

Search engine optimisation

Abstract:

Search Engine Optimization, widely known in the web world as SEO. Search engine optimization is the process of making ones website content more search engine friendly to attract traffic by designing site using specific keywords at most important places for search engine. There are many websites having quality content and very attractive to the visitors but not able to get top positions in search engine result pages. This can be due to not using keywords to important places so search engines do not consider these websites important to the visitors. There are lots of things that influence ranking of a website in the search engine. So in order to make your website appear on search engine result pages you need to learn SEO.

Today there are very few major search engines which consider Meta keywords as important; Yahoo is one of them although importance is minimal. No one can tell you the exact algorithm for any search engine its there trade secret. But there are little area which all the search engine finds important. Placing keywords in this area can give any website higher Page ranking in Search engine result pages. So here are some SEO tips that can help you in optimization.

Search engine optimization (SEO) is a set of rules and techniques aimed at improving the SERP rank of the web pages of a website. SEO is a part of Internet Marketing. About 60% of the searches done in the search engine are unique. And now-a-days the usage of search engines has increased a lot. So we optimize our web pages in the search engine.

The outline of the SEO TUTORIAL is

1. Keyword Research & competition Analysis
2. On-Page Factors
3. Off-Page Factors

 

KEYWORD RESEARCH:

This is the first step in SEO. In Keyword Research we choose the best keywords for our web pages. This is the most important part of SEO. We will choose the keywords which has good traffic volume. And we make sure that the keyword is related to our webpage.

For example:

our website is related to online movies.

Then our keywords will be like this: 

Online movies, free online movies, top online movies, watch online movies

So, we choose the related keywords for our web pages. In Keyword Research we will decide the targeted keywords for our webpage. The complete keyword Research has been clearly explained in this SEO Tutorial.

We use different tools for searching the keywords. Generally we prefer the free and best tools. In my opinion the free and best of all tools are:

1. Google adwords keyword suggestion tool.
2. Word tracker keyword tool.

COMPETITION ANALYSIS:

After choosing the keywords we prepare the competition analysis for the keywords. That means we search with the targeted keyword in the search engine and take the top 10 SERP listings. And prepare the analysis of each site of the top 10 list of the targeted keywords.

The competition analysis includes the no of Backlinks, Domain age, SERP rank, page ranketc.

We will gather the information of every webpage which are listed in top 10 SERP lists. To gather these above details we use different types of tools like SEO QUAKE, SEO4FIREFOX etc.

Competition analysis tells us about the competition for the targeted keyword in the search engine. So by observing the competition analysis we can analyze many things like

How much time will it take to optimize our webpage in the top 10 results? And many more details.

For more detailed information about how to prepare the competition analysis see our further seo tutorial.

On-Page Factors:

Google search engine is now following these on-page factors strictly. Besides this Backlinks are needed for the better SERP rank.

After choosing the best keywords we will make sure that the targeted keywords are well optimized in the webpage.

The list of all On-Page Factors:

Keyword should 

• present in the title tag
• be written in meta keyword and meta description
• be available in the file name or web page name.
• be available in the content of the web page.
• be written in h1 tag at least once.

                   and

• Keyword density of the targeted keyword should be around 2% to 7% for better results.

To learn the On-page optimization completely, go to OnPage part on this SEO Tutorial.

Off-Page Factors:

This is the final part in the SEO Tutorial. After completing all the above factors we will start doing the off-page Optimization.

This is a time taking process. We had clearly mentioned all the Off-Page factors in this SEO Tutorial.

It includes:-

1. Blog submissions
2. Classified submissions
3. Press releases
4. Social bookmarking
5. Article submissions
6. Forum postings
7. Link building
8. Video submissions
9. Directory submissions
10. Local business center submissions

artificial intelligence(ai)

 Artificial intelligence (AI)

 Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. In computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving".

History of  Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 

Timeline Of  Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Source:LiveScience

Zettabyte file System (ZFS)

Zettabyte file System  (ZFS)

 ZFS is a 128-bit file system developed by Sun Microsystems in 2005 for OpenSolaris. A Solaris file system that uses storage pools to manage physical storage. The ZFS pooled storage model eliminates the concept of volumes and the associated problems of partitions, provisioning and stranded storage by enabling thousands of file systems to draw from a common storage pool, using only as much space as it actually needs. ZFS also uses RAID-Z, a data replication model that is similar to RAID-5 but uses variable stripe width to eliminate the RAID-5 write hole-that is stripe corruption due to loss of power between data and parity updates. 

ZFS runs on Solaris, FreeBSD and Linux variants, and includes built-in data services and features such as replication, deduplication, compression, snapshots and data protection. The Sun development team began work on ZFS in 2001 and integrated it into the Unix-based Solaris and open source OpenSolaris operating systems in 2005.

After acquiring Sun in 2010, Oracle Corp. discontinued work on open source ZFS. The company trademarked the name "ZFS" and turned ZFS into its proprietary root file system for Oracle Solaris, Oracle's ZFS Storage Appliances, mainframe storage (VSM) and other Oracle technologies. Oracle continues to develop and add features to its proprietary ZFS. The open source version of ZFS is now known as OpenZFS.

Features  

• Endless scalability

Well, it’s not technically endless, but it’s a 128-bit file system that’s capable of managing zettabytes (one billion terabytes) of data.  No matter how much hard drive space you have, ZFS will be suitable for managing it.

• Maximum integrity

Everything you do inside of ZFS uses a checksum to ensure file integrity.  You can rest assured that your files and their redundant copies will not encounter silent data corruption.  Also, while ZFS is busy quietly checking your data for integrity, it will do automatic repairs anytime it can.

• Drive pooling

The creators of ZFS want you to think of it as being similar to the way your computer uses RAM.  When you need more memory in your computer, you put in another stick and you’re done.  Similarly with ZFS, when you need more hard drive space, you put in another hard drive and you’re done.  No need to spend time partitioning, formatting, initializing, or doing anything else to your disks – when you need a bigger storage “pool,” just add disks.

• RAID

ZFS is capable of many different RAID levels, all while delivering performance that’s comparable to that of hardware RAID controllers.  This allows you to save money, make setup easier, and have access to superior RAID levels that ZFS has improved upon.



References:-

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/Z/ZFS.html
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/Z/ZFS.html
http://www.howtogeek.com/175159/an-introduction-to-the-z-file-system-zfs-for-linux/

Steganography

Seminar topic on Steganography

Abstract on Steganography

Steganography is the technique of hiding private or sensitive information within something that appears to be nothing out of the usual. Steganography is often confused with cryptology because the two are similar in the way that they both are used to protect important information. The difference between the two is that Steganography involves hiding information so it appears that no information is hidden at all.In this paper,we describe method of Steganography based on embedding encrypted message bits using RSA Algorith min the 1st least significant (LSB Technique) and last 4 significant bits (Modulus 4 bit technique)of the pixe l of image.Here we also provide integrity using MD5 hash algorithm. The analysis shows that the PSNR is improved in the case of LSB technique. Use of hash algorithm  provides data integrity

Steganography is a form of security technique through obscurity, the science and art of hiding the existence of a message between sender and intended recipient. Steganography has been used to hide secret messages in various types of files, including digital images, audio and video. The three most important parameters for audio steganography are imperceptibility, payload, and robustness. Different applications have different requirements of the steganography technique used. This paper intends to give an overview of image steganography, its uses and techniques.

How it Works

 

The core of any steganographic method is how it encodes a single byte (8 bits) of information within the image. Some methods take advantage of the file structure of the image and hide it in special data fields. For example, in the BMP file format, the offset between the file information and pixel data can be manually specified. This presents interesting possibility of hiding an entire file between the file information and the pixel data without altering the image at all. In practice, such methods are impossible to detect visually but easy to detect with a computer: if the file size is larger than the minimum size necessary for the image size and color depth (according to the file format specification), then it probably included hidden data.
Other steganographic methods hide data by slightly modifying the pixels of the actual image by small amounts. Typically, the modification is done by changing the least significant bit (or bits) of the red, green, blue, and applicable, alpha channels of one or more pixels. This is how we proceed in our sample program.

Detection and Countermeasures

Detecting and preventing steganographic messages from being transmitted is an extremely difficult task. Depending on the circumstances, it may be impossible to prove that someone is even sending messages in the first place!

When it comes to combating (or rather detecting) physical steganographic messages, the key is really to understand all of the possible ways a message could be hidden in or on an object. For example, invisible ink that only visible when exposed to certain chemicals or ultraviolet light. There is a great history of steganography used in the real world eventually being discovered – hidden messages sent through newspapers, media, and seemingly normal communications. Detecting steganography when you don’t know what you’re looking for is partially a guessing game, and partially a pattern finding exercise.

In computing, detection of steganographically encoded packages is called steganalysis. The simplest method to detect files that may have been modified to send steganographic messages is to compare the files to known, clean originals of the files. For example, if one wanted to see if a website had been modified to hide a message in it’s image files, one could compare the image files currently on the site with the original files intended to be there. The differences in the file (if any) would reveal the steganographic message in it’s entirety.

Another common method of combating steganography is data compression. Lossful data compression (such as the JPEG image format) can completely ruin any hidden modified data bits within the file. Reducing the size of the file through compression will also significantly decrease the amount of space available for a hidden message to reside.

Types of encoding

Least Significant Bit encoding

This method is the more popular one among encoding images. Programs that use the Least Significant Bit, or LSB,method encode the message in the least significant bit of every byte in an image. By doing so, the value of each pixel is changed slightly, but not enough to make significant changes to the image. In a 24-bit image, 3 bytes are used for each pixel, so each pixel could encode 3 bits of a secret message.The altered image would look identical to the human eye, even when compared to the original. However, 24-bit images are quite large, and are not a popular method of sending images around the web, so the fact that they are so large would arouse suspicion.A more plausible container image would be a 256 color image, where 1 byte is used for each pixel. A 640 x 480 image of this quality would be able to store 300 kilobits of data. With a large enough image, one could even hide an image within another image.Popular commercial programs that use LSB encoding include White Noise Storm and S-Tools.

Frequency Domain encoding

This method encodes messages within images by working with the 2-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform, or 2-D FFT of the container image. The 2-D FFT separates the frequencies of the image into rings centered around an axis. Those rings closest to the axis represent the low frequencies of the image, and those furthest away represent the high frequencies. In the frequency domain encoding method, the secret message is encoded in the middle frequencies of the image. This is done by converting the message text to bits and overlaying these bits in a ring shape in the desired frequency band on the 2-D FFT. Although the ring of bits appears dark and outstanding on the 2-D FFT, the effect on the image itself is very slight. Also, an image encoded by this method is able to better withstand noise, compression, translation, and rotation, than images encoded by the LSB method. All of the images we worked with in this project were encoded by the nPhaze Boys in this manner using Matlab.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF STEGANOGRAPHY

The four main categories of file formats that can be used for steganography are: 

• Text 
• Images 
• Audio 
• Protocol  

Text steganography:

Hiding information in text is the most important method of steganography. It hides the text behind some other text file. It is the a difficult form of steganography as the redundant amount of text to hide the secret message is scarce in text files

Image steganography:

It is one of the most commonly used technique because of the limitation of the Human visual System(HVS). Human eye cannot detect the vast range of colors and an insignificant change in the quality of an image that results from steganography.

Audio steganography:

It  is  also  a  difficult  form  of steganography  as  humans are  able  to  detect  a  minute  change in the quality of audio

Protocol steganography:

The term protocol steganography is to embedding information within network protocols such as TCP/IP. We hide information in the header of a TCP/IP packet in some fields that can be either optional or are never used.


References
http://www.ijceronline.com/papers/Vol2_issue7/AF02701900193.pdf
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
http://easybmp.sourceforge.net/steganography.html
https://www.clear.rice.edu/elec301/Projects01/steganosaurus/background.html
http://www.garykessler.net/library/steganography.html
http://www.ijettjournal.org/volume-4/issue-7/IJETT-V4I7P186.pdf
http://www.ijettjournal.org/volume-4/issue-7/IJETT-V4I7P186.pdf

Ethical Hacking

 Abstract

Today more and more softwares are developing and people are getting more and more options in their present softwares. But many are not aware that they are being hacked without their knowledge. One reaction to this state of affairs is a behavior termed Ethical Hacking” which attempts to proactively increase security protection by identifying and patching known security vulnerabilities on systems owned by other parties.

A good ethical hacker should know the methodology chosen by the hacker like reconnaissance, host or target scanning, gaining access, maintaining access and clearing tracks. For ethical hacking we should know about the various tools and methods that can be used by a black hat hacker apart from the methodology used by him. From the point of view of the user one should know atleast some of these because some hackers make use of those who are not aware of the various hacking methods to hack into a system. Also when thinking from the point of view of the developer, he also should be aware of these since he should be able to close holes in his software even with the usage of the various tools. With the advent of new tools the hackers may make new tactics. But atleast the software will be resistant to some of the tools

what is ethical hacking

An ethical hacker is a computer and network expert who attacks a security system on behalf of its owners, seeking vulnerabilities that a malicious hacker could exploit. To test a security system, ethical hackers use the same methods as their less principled counterparts, but report problems instead of taking advantage of them. Ethical hacking is also known as penetration testing, intrusion testing and red teaming. An ethical hacker is sometimes called a white hat, a term that comes from old Western movies, where the "good guy" wore a white hat and the "bad guy" wore a black hat.

One of the first examples of ethical hackers at work was in the 1970s, when the United States government used groups of experts called red teams to hack its own computer systems. According to Ed Skoudis, Vice President of Security Strategy for Predictive Systems' Global Integrity consulting practice, ethical hacking has continued to grow in an otherwise lackluster IT industry, and is becoming increasingly common outside the government and technology sectors where it began. Many large companies, such as IBM, maintain employee teams of ethical hackers.

Ethical Hacking PDF 1

Ethical Hacking PDF 2

Ethical Hacking PPT 1

Ethical Issues of Computer Hacking

By Mateo Zeske, eHow Contributor

Computer hackers learn to circumvent security measures, such as passwords.

Many discussions about the ethical ramifications of computer hacking have occurred since the issue gained prominence. Some see the ethical issues involved as cut and dry, some consider ethical breaches only when laws have been broken and others consider certain types of hacking ethically sound and some types as ethically questionable. The first layer of this debate usually focuses on the definition of computer hacking and the motivation of the hackers.

Definitions of Hacking

• Hacking occurs when someone intentionally accesses a computer without authorization. The term is often used to refer to a person with detailed computer knowledge who commits the act to accomplish criminal acts. The act often damages property, spreads viruses and causes financial loss. The New Hacker`s Dictionary uses several definitions including someone who "enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities," "programs enthusiastically (even obsessively)," and "enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations."

Ethical Considerations by Motive

• The New Hacker Dictionary and Marcia J. Wilson of Computerworld both define hackers while distinguishing them from hackers with intent to harm. Such a "cracker" is, according to the Hacker Dictionary, "a malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around." Wilson contrasts crackers with three other motivations she believes are ethically justified. "Hacktivists" infiltrate systems for political purposes; hobbyist hackers do so to learn and share with those in the hacking community; and research and security hackers are "those concerned with discovering security vulnerabilities and writing the code fixes." Wilson and others believe ethical issues arise in hacking when the goals are outside of these three categories. She considers political activism through computer hacking equitable to peaceful protests in the streets and points to the First and Fourth Amendments as justification.

Ethical Issues by Legality

• One way that people can interpret actions for unethical behavior is considering the legality. The United States Credit Fraud and Abuse Act prohibits intentionally accessing another`s computer system when it threatens the financial well-being of an individual or business to reveal state secrets, upset international communications, defraud, cause damage or aid extortion. States have their own laws as well.

Other Ethical Considerations

• Other points considered in discussions of ethical hacking include the costs associated with security checks even when no alterations or damages have occurred. Many consider the high amount of adolescent participants and factor this into ethical judgments, believing the anonymity associated with hacking makes crimes more likely to happen than they would outside of cyberspace.

Read more: Ethical Issues of Computer Hacking | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8482153_ethical-issues-computer-hacking.html#ixzz2BLFphvcI

Types of Ethical Hackers

By Curtis Fease, eHow Contributor

Hackers access computers and networks without authorization.

Hacker movies like "Swordfish" can give people the idea that hackers may not be all that bad. In actuality, hackers often pose a serious security threat. A Florida company named Acxiom had to spend $7 million to repair its database after an attack by one hacker. Luckily, there are hackers out their whose intent is not to caues harm. While the word "ethical" can depend on perception, the following are hackers you may not be too afraid of.

Hacktivists

• Hacktivism is hacking into a computer system illegally for a social or politically motivated reason. These hackers could just leave a large message on the main page of a website, or even disrupt traffic to a site altogether. Some people see this as a form of protest, and therefore as protected speech. The question is whether anybody in America would object if someone hacked into a website where pedophiles congregate and left a message saying that phedophilia is wrong. Therein lies the moral debate on whether hacktivists are ethical or not.  Read More

Cyberwarrior

• This is another gray area of ethical hacking. Whether or not this type of hacking is ethical is all in the eye of the beholder. Cyberwarriors are computer experts and hackers who participate in cyberwarfare, which are actions undertaken or sanctioned by a nation-state to infiltrate another country's networks or computers to cause disruption or damage.

  Black Box Penetration Testers

  • This is a hacker who is hired by a person or company to actually infiltrate a computer network or system. The hacker will act as a malicious hacker, trying to find vulnerabilities in a system or network that would allow him to attack it. The black box penetration tester has no prior knowledge of the network or system he is trying to infiltrate. By finding vulnerabilities, he can advise the company of individual about what is needed to strenghten a website from future hacking.

  White Box Penetration Testers

  • This is another type of hacker that is hired by a person or company to break into a computer network or system. The white box hacker is much like the black box hacker in that they both are legally breaking into these systems in an effort to help the person or company who hires them. The only difference between the two is that white box penetrators are given complete knowledge of the system or network they are infiltrating. The hacker simulates an attack from an insider of the organization.

  Certified Ethical Hacker/Licensed Penetration Tester

  • These hackers perform the duties of black box and white box penetration testers. They look for vulnerabilities and weaknesses in systems and networks. These two certifications are given by the International Council of E-Commerce Consultants. All of these ethical hackers must be re-certified every three years.

  
  

  References:

  Read more: Types of Ethical Hackers | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8279840_types-ethical-hackers.html#ixzz2BLDRtcSX
  

  
  

  
  
  
  

  The Advantages of Ethical Hacking

  
  
  
  

  By Corr S. Pondent, eHow Contributor

  
  

  
  
  
  

  

  Ethical hacking helps alert a company to system vulnerabilities.

  The term "hacking" has negative connotations and is associated with outsiders breaking into somebody else's computer network. Hackers could aim to steal information, or their activities could disable a company's systems. However, another practice is "ethical hacking" whereby an organization pays hackers -- the good kind -- to protect its computer system from attack by learning how to attack it themselves. This practice enables an organization to learn how nefarious hackers can exploit vulnerabilities in its computer systems.

  
  
  

  Techniques

  
  

  • One type of ethical hacking involves testing an organization's networks, both internal and external, to identify any weaknesses that outsiders could tap. Ethical hackers could also test applications to find any flaws and go through an organization's source codes. Other techniques include testing for the possibility of attacks from someone with access to the wireless network, and checking for unauthorized modems.

  Advantage

  • One major advantage of ethical hacking is that it helps an organization better protect its systems and information. It is a way of augmenting the efforts of an organization's information technology professionals. The adoption of ethical hacking techniques must be a part of an organization's overall security efforts. However, the realities of tight budgeting mean that this additional layer of security is not always a priority for many organizations.

  
  
  Read more: The Advantages of Ethical Hacking | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8431442_advantages-ethical-hacking.html#ixzz2BLGTve9n
  

  
  

  Protection Against Theft

  • If a hacker gets into an organization's systems, then the hacker could gain access to valuable information. The organization's intellectual property and sensitive client information are at risk. Hackers have been known to steal such information. If organizations want to protect against theft, they could schedule routine ethical hacking exercises to find out if any flaws exist in their systems. This makes them less vulnerable to outside hackers.

  Protection from Lawsuits

  • The United States is a litigious society. If hackers get into a company's systems and steal customer information, then the company could face potential lawsuits. Consumers could file lawsuits against an organization for failing to safeguard their personal information. Ethical hacking could help prevent the possibility of such lawsuits. Organizations may also have to meet certain legislative and regulatory requirements relating to safety of consumer information. Ethical hacking helps them meet such mandates.

  
  
  Read more: The Advantages of Ethical Hacking | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8431442_advantages-ethical-hacking.html#ixzz2BLGa57Nv
  
  Seminar Report
  
  
  

  Ethical Hacking from Binit Kumar