liquid cooling system - seminar topic

liquid cooling system:

Abstract:

Over the past few years, CPU speeds have been increasing at a dramatic rate. In order to generate the new speeds, CPUs have more transistors, are drawing more power and have higher clock rates. This leads to greater heat produced by the CPU in the computer. CPU heat sinks have been added to all modern PC CPUs to help try to alleviate some of the heat from the processor into the surrounding environment, but as the fans get louder and larger new solutions are being looked into, namely liquid cooling.

Liquid cooling is essentially a radiator for the CPU inside of the computer. Just like a radiator for a car, a liquid cooling system circulates a liquid through a heat sink attached to the processor inside of the computer. As the liquid passes through the heat sink, heat is transferred from the hot processor to the cooler liquid. The hot liquid then moves out to a radiator at the back of the case and transfers the heat to the ambient air outside of the case. The cooled liquid then travels back through the system to the CPU to continue the process.

What advantage does this bring to cooling a system?

Liquid cooling is a much more efficient system at drawing heat away from the processor and outside of the system. This allows for higher clock speeds in the processor as the ambient temperatures of the CPU core are still within the manufacturer's specifications. This is the prime reason why extreme overclockers tend to favor the use of liquid cooling solutions for their processors. Some people have been able to almost double the processor speed by using very complex liquid cooling solutions.

The other benefit of liquid cooling is the reduction of noise within the computer. Most current heat sink and fan combinations tend to generate a lot of noise for the fans that need to circulate air over the CPU and through the system. Many high performance CPUs require fan speeds in excess of 7000 rpm that generate noise of 60+ decibels of noise. Over clocking a CPU requires even more airflow over the CPU, but when a liquid cooling solution, there is much less noise.

Generally there are two moving parts to a liquid cooling system. The first is the impeller which is a fan immersed in the liquid to circulate the liquid through the system. These are generally fairly low in noise because the liquid acts as a noise insulator. The second is a fan at the exterior of the case to help pull air over the cooling tubes of the radiator. Both of these do not need to run at very high speeds which reduces the amount of noise by the system.

What disadvantages are there to using a liquid cooling system?

Unfortunately there are a large number of disadvantages to liquid cooling in computer systems these days. Some of the most prominent disadvantages are size and technical skills required to install a kit.Liquid cooling kits require a large amount of space within the computer case to work effectively. In order for the system to work properly, there must be space for items such as the impeller, the fluid reservoir, the tubing, fan and power supplies. This has a tendency to require larger desktop system cases to fit all of these parts within the computer case itself. It is possible to have much of the system outside of the case, but then it would take up space in or around the desktop.

Since liquid cooling is a fairly new technology to PC computers, its still requires a significant level of technical knowledge to install. While there are kits to purchase from some of the cooling manufacturer's out there they still need to be custom installed into the PC case. Each case has a different layout so the tubes must be cut and routed specific to make use of the room within the system. Also, if the system is not properly installed, leaks could cause severe damage to the components inside of the system. There is also the possibility of injuring to the individual installing the system into the computer.

So is liquid cooling worth the trouble?

At this stage of the market, liquid cooling is still only really effective for those people who are interested in over clocking their computers well beyond what air cooling will allow. Due to the size and difficulty of the installations for liquid cooling, it is not advised for general system use. There are many effective heat pipe designs being developed now that will cool off the current CPUs on the market without the noise from a large number of high speed fans.

If CPU speeds continue to increase and no new thermal breakthroughs are discovered in regards to CPU construction, I believe that liquid cooling will begin to become more common in standard system construction. This is going to be particularly true if PC systems are going to be integrated into consumer electronics such as home theater. People are sensitive to noise when watching movies or listening to music, so any system integrated into this environment must be able to run as quietly as possible.

1. Introduction



Computer technology is constantly evolving. As new components are introduced onto the market, they require better methods of cooling. We are familiar with the standard heat sink, consisting of a copper base with fins which is cooled by 1 or 2 fans. Liquid Cooling, on the contrary, is a different type of cooling that we may all not be so familiar with. In fact, we commonly ask ourselves what liquid cooling is. To simply put it, liquid cooling is a closed loop system that incorporates water as a means of cooling. You may ask yourself, "Water? How can water and pc cooling go together?" You've come to the right place. In this guide, I will be teaching you about the essentials of liquid cooling, what you will need, and how to get started.

First off, I have some abbreviations listed below that I will use so that I don't have to write out the complete phrase. This is a legend in case you are not clear about an abbreviation.


- Radiator: Rad

- Processor: CPU

- Video Card: GPU

- TIM: Thermal Paste

- Loop: Liquid Cooling Setup

- Blocks: Water block

- Rig: Computer Setup

2. How does a liquid cooling system work?

To simply put it in words, liquid cooling works by removing heat from your cpu and gpu through liquid which travels through a set of tubes that connects to a radiator. Water has a thermal conductivity of 0.6062 W/ (m*K) whereas the thermal conductivity of air is only 0.0262. This means heat can be drawn away from components more efficiently with water. 

It all starts with your processor, video card, and in some cases your motherboard. Water blocks are placed on your processor and video card and act like a normal heat sink but cannot be cooled by a fan. Your water blocks, pump, radiators, and reservoir all have fittings installed which allows the tubing to be installed. The pump is responsible for moving liquid throughout the liquid cooling setup. There are a variety of ways that a loop is set up but that will be covered later in this guide. As your cpu gives off heat, water travels through the water block which collects heat much like a copper pipe heat. The heat travels through the water in the tubing to the radiator(s) where the heat is dissipated throughout the radiator fins. The fans mounted to the radiator transfer air throughout the radiator cooling the radiator.
3. Where can I get my parts?

There are numerous stores where you can pick up your liquid Cooling parts. The only physical store that I can think of is Micro Center which has some locations scattered across the US and Performance-PCs in Florida also has a walk-in store. Other than those two, most of the components are purchased online from direct manufacturer or some retail vendors. Here's a list of the most popular stores:

United States:
Performance-PCs
Silicon Valley Compucycle
Jab-Tech
Sidewinder Computers
Frozen CPU
Xoxide
Petra's Tech Shop


UK:

Watercooling UK

The Cooling Shop

Cand C Central

Australia:

PC Case Gear

GAM Mods

Canada:

NCIX

New Type Computer Workshop

Direct Canada

4. How much will a liquid cooling setup cost me?

It all very much depends on what you want to liquid cool and how much you are willing to spend on parts. On average, most people want to liquid cool just their cpu. Others liquid cool their processor, video card, ram, and motherboard. The more components you want to liquid cool, the higher the budget will have to be set. Most liquid cooling setups start at around $200. As more and more components are liquid cooled, the price starts to rise and can easily get to $500+. It is essential to plan out what you want to liquid cool and look around on the internet for deals. Don't just set yourself on one website. As much as I stress that the pump should be purchased brand new, purchasing other parts used such as fittings, radiators, and reservoirs doesn't hurt at all. Just make sure that you are buying from a trusted user and ask questions about the condition and how long they have had the parts. You can also purchase pre-made kits from EK and XSPC to save some money.
5. Parts: What will I need for my setup?

The market for liquid cooling has vastly expanded recently. 5 years ago, there was not a lot to choose for your rig. As technology has evolved in new video cards and processors, we started to look for ways to efficiently cool our components. In today's market, anytime a new video card is released, a water block is released to cool that card. Here is a list to show you what items are needed for a basic liquid cooling setup.

• Pumps: The pump is the most important component because it is responsible for flowing water throughout the set up. There is a vast selection of pumps, all catered to your specific needs. The most common types of pumps are dual port pumps; meaning, 1 inlet and 1 outlet. There are also dual pumps for bigger cases when you need that extra power to flow you water.


Always make sure to read reviews and buy a good brand pump. Purchasing a poor performance and unreliable pump may cause problems in the future. Remember that if you can flow water throughout the system, then your liquid cooling will be useless.


Best Brands: [Swiftech, Danger Den, Liang, EK].

Swiftech sells the most popular pump available on the market. The Swiftech MCP655 (picture shown below) packs enough power to run water through any standard micro, mid, and full tower case.




• Pump Tops: Pump Tops are a great way to accessorize your pump and they have added uses to them also. A pump usually has 3/8" ports. A pump top allows you to add any size barb or compression fitting to the pump. It will allow you to use 1/2" tubing and pretty much any other size tubing. Pump Tops also increase the performance of the pump to the maximum. The most common tops are made for the MCP335, MCP335x2, and the MCP655 pump from Swiftech.

Best Brands: [EK, XSPC, Bitspower]



• Water blocks: 
The water block is placed on your processor (CPU) and video card (GPU). This component allows liquid to cool the cpu and gpu. They work much like a heat sink but use liquid to cool instead of a fan.

There are two major finishes to water blocks: copper and nickel. Nickel blocks have the nicest finish and are also the most reliable but come with a high price. Copper is in a close second and is a bit cheaper than nickel. Copper is also the most common out there.

Best Brands: CPU [ EK, Danger Den, XSPC, Swiftech]
GPU [Bitspower, EK, Koolance]




You also have the option now to liquid cool your motherboard north and south bridges. The reason you can liquid cool these is because when you overclock your cpu, you also increase the voltages on your north/south bridge which causes the temperature to go up for both. This isn't an essential component to liquid cool but you are always welcome to do so.


Last but not least, you also have the option to liquid cool your memory (RAM). This also isn't quite common but it will help lower the temperature of your RAM when you overclock them to higher speeds. A simple RAM fan may help but when you need that extra umph in your clock speeds, liquid cooling will help bring that temperature down.


• Radiators:

The radiator is also an important item in a liquid cooling setup. The radiator removes heat from water and dissipates it along its fins. It is important to pay attention to the type of radiator being purchased. Radiators can be thick or slim. They can also have closely spaced fins or farther spread fins. This will determine what kind of fans you will need to cool the radiator.

There is also the question of what size radiator to get. You want to get a radiator that will fit 120mm fans. You can also get a radiator which fits 140mm fans but make sure you are able to fit the radiator inside your case. Next, you have a choice of single, double, triple, and quadruple fan radiators. Below is a chart to show you and estimate of what will fit your cooling needs.

If you are not able to fit a specific radiator in your case due to its length, you can install more than one radiator to accommodate your needs. You can also install your radiator outside of your case but you will need a special bracket.













Best Brands: [XSPC, Black Ice, Swiftech, EK, Fesser]



• Reservoirs: 
The reservoir is an optional component for your liquid cooling setup. I strongly recommend purchasing and installing a reservoir to monitor your levels of fluid in the loop. It is also easier to fill your loop when you have a reservoir installed.

Reservoirs provide multiple ports for you to install your tubing. A reservoir will enable you to install a drain port and a fill port for easy filling and draining. If you do not wish to purchase a reservoir, a t-line in your loop will also provide for a drain port.



You can also find radiators that have a pump built into the reservoir itself. These types of radiator / pump combos are getting increasingly popular because of the amount of space they save.

• Fittings & Tubing: 
In order for you to connect your tubing to the waterblocks, pump, radiator(s), and reservoir, you need to have fittings. There are a couple of different styles of fittings out there that you can use. You will find two materials that fittings can be made of; metal and plastic. I do not recommend plastic fittings because they can easily break or get damaged if not handled properly.

The main thing you have to look for is the correct size of the fitting. Thread size is universal: 1/4". You will also see that a fitting can be a barb or compression fitting. A fitting's port size is what you have to pay attention to. There are a variety of tube sizes that have to be compatible with a fitting size.

• Tubing: 
There are different brands of tubing and sizes to choose from. Primo Chill and Tygon tubing are brands most used. Primo Chill offers tubing in a variety of colors while Tygon is a simple clear tubing. These brands offer tubing that can be bent enough while still avoiding kinks.
Make sure your tubing does not have to much of a bend or it will kink which will cause liquid flow restriction.

Best Brands: [Primo Chill, Tygon, EK]




• Fittings: 

There are barb fittings and compression fittings. Barb fittings are cheaper but require clamps to hold them in place. Compression fittings use a ring that screws onto the barb part where the tubing and barb fitting meet to hold it in place, thus eliminating the need for a clamp. Here is a chart when choosing tubing and barbs.





Best Brands: [Bitspower, EK, Enzotech]



• Coolant & Additives: 

When choosing coolant for your setup, it is important to know what you are going to choose. Stay away from the top brand coolants that have dye added. This includes products that are UV reactive or colorful coolants. These coolants will create gunk and sludge in your fitting and blocks over a period of time which will slow the flow of liquid and may damage your water blocks. It is best to just get Distilled Water, such as at your local Walmart or grocery store.

I would also recommend adding a silver kill coil or a biocide / corrosion proof additive to your loop. A silver kill coil and biocide will prevent algae growth in your liquid cooling system. Anti- Corrosive additives will prevent corrosion in your water blocks and fittings.

Best Brands: [Distilled Water, PT-Nuke, Silver Coil]



• Thermal Paste (TIM): 
There are many thermal pastes out there for you to choose but not all of them are good. For example, the TIM you get on a stock heat sink with your new cpu is not good. Also, the "white glue" looking paste is also bad. In fact I wouldn't be surprised if it is glue.

You can also purchase Arctic Silver Thermal paste remover to help you remove old TIM before applying new TIM. If you don't want to spend the money you can get some rubbing alcohol, cotton balls, and q-tips to remove it also.

Best Brands: [Arctic Silver- (5, MX-2, MX-4), Shin Etsu, Indigo Extreme]



• Standalone Kits: 
If this guide looks too confusing to you or you feel that you are not ready to liquid cool your rig yet there are other, cheaper but yet effective options. Standalone kits, or all-in-one kits, are relatively cheap kits made by companies such as Corsair and Antec that provide water cooling for your cpu in an all-in-one kit that includes a radiator/pump combo, water block, and tubing. These are great products if you feel uncomfortable with a full water cooling setup.

These coolers do not have to be maintained or changed. You only have to dust out the radiator over time. You do not have to change the liquid at all.

Best Brands: [Corsair H-Series, Antec Kuhler Series]



• Fan Controllers:
If you are bothered by the noise that your fans produce, you can purchase a fan controller to turn down the RPM's of the fan. Doing so will slow down the fan and thus it will be quieter. There are many styles of fan controllers ranging from simple knobs to touch screen controllers. I recommend staying away from touch screen controllers as many reviews state they they do not work as good.

Best Brands: [Lamptron, Zalman, Scythe]





6. Putting it all together

After buying all your parts, it is now time to put everything together. Make sure to read instruction included with products carefully for mounting components and such.

• CPU Block Mounting: Make sure that you clarify in the instructions the proper mounting of the cpu water block. Apply recommended amount of TIM thermal paste and do not over tighten the block as you might break your processor or damage the motherboard.

• GPU Block Mounting: Clarify in the instructions the proper mounting of the gpu water block. Be careful not to strip screws when removing the stock fan and heat. These screws are extremely small and can be easily damaged. Be careful when handling the video card to prevent damage to the chips.

When you remove the stock fan and heat sink, clean off remaining thermal paste from main video card processor and memory chips. You will also be provided with thermal pads to place on your memory chips.

• Radiator Mounting: You can mount your radiator in a variety of places. Most commonly, the radiator is mounted on the top of the case. You can also mount a single fan radiator on the exhaust vent in the rear of the case and a single or double radiator in the front of the case if you have room to do so. If you are skilled with modifying a case, you can mount a radiator on the bottom of the case. Lastly, you can also mount a radiator outside of your case in the rear, but you will need a special holding bracket.

• Reservoir Mounting: There are two types of reservoirs that are mounted in two different ways. There are bay reservoirs which fit into your bay drive and there are reservoirs which come with brackets and can be mounted on the motherboard tray or anywhere else inside the case. 

• Pump Mounting: You can place your pump freely inside the case or you can also securely screw it into the case. Your pump is also provided with a special foam pad to reduce vibration. You can mount you pump in any way as long as its not mounted upside down. Also, make sure to check instructions for inlet / outlet ports. There is a specific port for each.

• Installing the Tubing: To install your tubing, simply take your tubing and estimate how much you will need to cut to get the right fit. It is better to leave more then to cut too much off. There is no specific way of measuring. It is just simply taking your tubing holding it from one fitting to the other, ensuring there is no kink or sharp bend and cutting it where it needs to be cut.

• Determining Water Flow Direction: To determine the water flow direction I will provide you with an order to follow:

Reservoir (should be mounted above the pump; pump should always have water or it will break) > Inlet of Pump > Outlet of Pump > Inlet of Radiator (you choose port) > Outlet Radiator > Inlet CPU > Outlet CPU > Inlet GPU (you chose port) > Outlet GPU > Reservoir

• Connecting Your Loop (Test Phase): Be sure to test your parts prior to installing them in you case. This will assure you that you have no leaks, no broken parts, and that everything is functioning correctly.

Be sure to check your cpu water block instructions to clarify the inlet and outlet port as there is a specific port for each. The gpu water block ports don't have a specific inlet / outlet port. Make sure that your fittings are securely screwed on but don't over tighten them to the extreme becuase you will break the o-rings.

When filling reservoir or loop with water, there is no specific way to bleed the system all at once. You have to fill it to the max, turn on your power supply by jumping with green and black wires with a paperclip, let the water drain into the loop and then turn off the power supply. Then just repeat the process.

Do not let the pump run without water being constantly fed because you will break your pump.

Once you have ensured that everything works fine, let it run for a couple of minutes, then drain it completely and install everything into your computer. Once again, fill up the liquid cooling loop and this time let it run for a couple of hours. Make sure that your video card, processor, and motherboard are not plugged in becuase if you have a leak, it will damage your components. It is best to just leave everything unplugged in the case and let your loop run for about an hour or two.

Tips & Reminders:

• Make sure your water blocks are compatible with your components.

• Try to stick with one type of plating, such as, only nickel or only copper.

• Ensure that tubing is installed correctly and free of kinks.

• Remember that your pump always need a supply of water constantly.

• When using distilled water, add a biocide, silver coil, and/or anti-corrosive.

• Use the correct amount of Thermal Paste that is stated in the instructions.

• Test your loop outside of the case first, then install it inside.

7. Conclusion

Liquid Cooling is not a project for everyone. If you at all feel uncomfortable with liquid cooling, stop, and do yourself a favor and just get an all-in-one cooler. They work great and will give you the peace of mind. If you read this guide and you feel that you still have questions, feel free to contact me at any time or write in this thread. I'll be happy to answer your questions.
Refer:
http://compreviews.about.com/od/cpus/a/LiquidCooling.htm

http://www.computerforum.com/206174-how-liquid-cooling-101-a.html

http://www.pcworld.com/article/227964/pc_liquid_cooling_system_do_it_yourself.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cooling#Liquid_submersion_cooling

Surface Computer Seminar topic

Abstract:

Surface computing is the use of a specialized computer GUI in which traditional GUI elements are replaced by intuitive, everyday objects. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, the user interacts with a surface.

Typically the surface is a touch-sensitive screen, though other surface types like non-flat three-dimensional objects have been implemented as well. It has been said that this more closely replicates the familiar hands-on experience of everyday object manipulation.


A surface computer is a computer that interacts with the user through the surface of an ordinary object, rather than through a monitor and keyboard.

The category was created by Microsoft with Surface (codenamed Milan), the surface computer from Microsoft which was based entirely on a Multi-Touch interface and using a coffee-table like design, and was unveiled on 30 May 2007. Users can interact with the machine by touching or dragging their fingertips and objects such as paintbrushes across the screen, or by setting real-world items tagged with special bar-code labels on top of it.

The Surface is a horizontal display on a table-like form. Somewhat similar to the iPhone, the Surface has a screen that can incorporate multiple touches and thus uses them to navigate multimedia content. Unlike the iPhone, which uses fingers' electrical properties to detect touch, the Surface utilizes a system of infrared cameras to detect input. Uploading digital files only requires each object (e.g. a Bluetooth-enabled digital camera) to be placed on the Surface. People can physically move around the picture across the screen with their hands, or even shrink or enlarge them. The first units of the Surface will be information kiosks in the Harrah's family of casinos.

What is surface computing?

For years engineers and computer technicians have looked for a better way for people to communicate with their computers. Keyboards while feeling natural to many of us has advanced very little beyond the typewriters which have been around for well over a hundred years and though the mouse is a step above that it still takes practice for someone who has never used one to become used to the idea of moving the mouse with it and after years of using a computer many older people still have trouble with the concepts of double clicking, right clicking, dragging, dropping and other techniques that can seem simple to more advanced computer users.


The most recent solution, and one that seems likely to stick is that of surface computing. Surface computing at its most basic is an attempt to make the use of a computer better match the way we interact with other things in our environments as well as better interacting with those things and allowing for far less time thinking about how we interact with our computers so more energy can be put into how we use them.

The most common and popular type of surface computing is that of touch screen monitors of the type that can be found on many modern phones. These are also common in many businesses where untrained workers are expected to use a computer. Until recently though these touch screen monitors were really little more than a replacement of the mouse. You could still only point at one thing at a time, and it wasn't even as good as a mouse because you can't right click or highlight things without using a keyboard.

More recently though both Microsoft and Apple have come up with new ways to use surface computing.

Microsoft's plan is a device called Microsoft Surface which takes the form of a large table and would be used in places such as hotels and casinos or board rooms. The key difference between this and other similar devices is the multi touch system. This allows users to use both hands to manipulate things such as photos, as well as the use of hand gestures and even physical gestures. Other features on the Microsoft surface allows for wireless communicates between devices so things like phones, cameras and laptops can sync with the table and move data between them effortlessly.

Focused more on the personal side of surface computing is Apple computerswho has integrated not only a touch screen into their Iphone but tilt control allowing for a great many functions. Many of these have not yet moved past the stage of games and while being able to swing your Iphone around as a light saber may be fun it isn't likely to become a must have application for all future phones, but the touch screen keyboard which allows people a keyboard experience without the need for a keyboard is certainly something that has the potential to catch on.

No matter how you use computers the search for better ways to communicate with the device and improve your experience almost certainly comes into your mind on occasion and with surface computing it is possible that we have finally found a better way to communicate with our computers.

Technology

As with all touch-screen technologies, there are two interrelated components – the display device and the touch-sensing device. On the display side, surface computing can work with any type of display, including flat panel, rear projection, and front projection. On the touch side, the choices are more limited. While

some early implementations such as DiamondTable used capacitive sensing, essentially all current implementations of surface computing use infrared (IR) vision- based sensing; this requires one or more IR

imaging cameras to be positioned so that an image of the entire screen can be captured. This means that today all surface computers use either rear or front projection, which elim-inates true “tabletop” use – unless the surface computer is itself a table, like Microsoft

How it all works

The Microsoft Surface is a revolutionary piece of equipment that has basically brought the major film Minority Report to life, we never imagined something so futuristic would be here with is in 2007. This is heaven to us and we guess it is to you as well, the way this new Touch Surface high tech table works is mind blowing but below we have 4 simple steps of how the Microsoft Surface works.

1) Screen – There is a diffuser which turns the Surface’s acrylic tabletop into a large horizontal “multitouch” screen, which is capable of processing multiple inputs from multiple users. The Surface is so far advanced than we could imagine that it can recognize objects by their shapes or by reading coded “domino” tags when placed on the table.

2) Infrared – Surface’s “machine vision” operates in the near-infrared spectrum, using an 850-nanometer-wavelength LED light source aimed at the screen. When objects touch the tabletop, the light reflects back and is picked up by multiple infrared cameras with a net resolution of 1280 x 960.

3) CPU – Surface uses many of the same components found in everyday desktop computers — a Core 2 Duo processor, 2GB of RAM and a 256MB graphics card. Wireless communication with devices on the surface is handled using WiFi and Bluetooth antennas (future versions may incorporate RFID or Near Field Communications). The underlying operating system is a modified version of Microsoft Vista.

4) Projector - Microsoft’s Surface uses the same DLP light engine found in many rear-projection HDTV’s. The footprint of the visible light screen, at 1024 x 768 pixels, is actually smaller than the invisible overlapping infrared projection to allow for better recognition at the edges of the screen.

Sources / References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_computing

4G Technology Seminar Topic

Abstract:

Telecommunications standards are constantly changing as technology advances and the publics hunger for more content delivered to their portable devices faster is a driving force behind these developments. At the moment you may be aware that a majority of modern mobile phones and mobile broadband services for PC and Laptop owners connect to 3G networks. This name refers to the fact that this is considered to be the 3rd generation of mobile telecommunications networking technology, and at the moment 3G networks are capable of download speeds of between 3.6 Mbps and 7.2 Mbps. This speed will depend on the network provider you choose, the level of 3G coverage and the capabilities of the mobile platform you are using to receive the signal. However, there are many companies who are working on creating 4G technologies, or the 4th generation of mobile networking, though at the time of writing 4G is not a standardized, unified technology and there are different companies working on 4G products that won't perform in the same way or to the same level

What is 4G?

At the moment 4G technologies are looking to be similar in many ways to the wireless networks that you may have used in your place of work or in your own home, only on a much larger scale and integrated into mobile devices as well as desktop solutions. For mobile users it will provide an `always on` mobile broadband connection so that voice calls, media streaming and internet access will be constantly at hand. Additionally the download speeds capable over 4G networking should be far greater than is currently available on 3G or indeed any home broadband service provided by a landline, with test 4G networks in China delivering 100 Mbps download speeds. What`s even better news is that this 100 Mbps speed is claimed by some companies to be the download speed available when the subject is on the move in a train or a car. If you're standing in one spot relative to the broadcasting beacon then up to 1 Gbps data transfer speed could be possible. This is literally an incredible development and a huge leap in terms of download speed and will no doubt further revolutionize the way in which we have access to the internet, as well as drastically lowering the cost of voice calls which use relatively little bandwidth.

Features

The general features for 4G mobile technology are laid out in International Mobile Telecommunication-Advanced (IMT-A) standards written by the ITU. According to IMT-A, 4Gmobile devices must be IP-based and able to provide data speeds of up to 100 Megabits per second (Mbps) when the device is being used while moving and up to 1 Gigabit per second (Gbps) when stationary. All devices must also be able to be used for digital voice and rich media, which includes things like web pages with streaming videos or expandable banners. Additionally, they have to provide certain types of security for the transmissions.


There are also a number of technical specifications, including things like the wireless standard, radio interface, and frequency spectrum used. As of 2011, there were only two technologies officially designated as 4G mobile: LTE-Advanced and WiMax Release 2. Though devices using these technologies can theoretically reach the data speeds and functionality requirements set out by the ITU, the actual function varies according to the network coverage, infrastructure, and location.

Other Versions

Former versions of LTE and WiMax, and another technology called HSPA+, are also commonly referred to as 4G; despite the name, none actually meet the standards set out in IMT-A. The technologies were marketed so often as "4G" that the ITU allowed them to claim the designation. Most major carriers in the US work with at least one of these standards, with some supporting both. Generally speaking, LTE services are faster than WiMax, but WiMax can often support a farther-ranging signal than LTE, meaning that a user could conceivably use the mobile device farther away from a hotspot. Additionally, LTE is primarily used for cellphones and similar mobile devices, while WiMax is sometimes used to provide at-home Internet connections.

As Compared to 3G

The main difference between 4G mobile technology and the previous standard, 3G technology, in terms of end usage is the data transfer speeds provided. This means that users can access much more sophisticated data that requires a lot of bandwidth very quickly. Depending on theservice provider, however, 4G mobile devices may be limited to specific zones for making phone calls that are generally smaller than the areas covered by 3G. This means that people trying to make a call would have their call dropped if they went outside the covered area. Some 4G phones also have much shorter battery life than most 3G phones.

Ppt on 4G Technology

PPT

4G Technology PPT 1
4G Technology PPT2


4G technology

Refer:

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/articles/4G-Technology-An-Overview.htm

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-4g-mobile-technology.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

http://www.businessreviewindia.in/technology/4g-deployment-in-india

SILENT SOUND TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

The Silent sound technology is an amazing solution for those who had lost their voice but wish to speak over phone. It is developed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and you can expect to see it in the near future. When demonstrated, it seems to detect every lip movement and internally converts the electrical pulses into sounds signals and sends them neglecting all other surrounding noise. It is definitely going to be a good solution for those feeling annoyed when other speak loud over phone.

Refer

 Silent-Sound-Technology report 1

Silent-Sound-Technology report2  

SILENT-SOUND-TECHNOLOGY ppt

Silent Sound Technology 

Silent Sound Technology

Silent Sound Technology aims to notice every movements of the lips and transform them into sounds, which could help people who lose voices to speak, and allow people to make silent calls without bothering others. Rather than making any sounds, your handset would decipher the movements your mouth makes by measuring muscle activity, then convert this into speech that the person on the other end of the call can hear. So, basically, it reads your lips. This new technology will be very helpful whenever a person looses his voice while speaking or allow people to make silent calls without listurbing others, even we can tell our PIN number to a trusted friend or relative without eavesdropping . At the other end, the listener can hear a clear voice. the awesome feature added to this technology is that "it is an instant polyglot" I.E, movements can be immediately transformed into the language of the user's choice. This translation works for languages like English, French & German. But, for the languages like Chinese, different tones can hold many different meanings. This poses Problem said Wand. he also said that in five or may be in ten years this will Be used in everyday's technology.