USB Type-C - USB 3.1

Seminar Topic on USB Type-C - USB 3.1

Abstract

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard developed by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), which defines standard interfaces between computers and peripherals.USB Type-C is a specification for a 24-pin reversible-plug connector for USB devices and USB cabling. It was published by the USB Implementers Forum.USB Type-C and USB Power Delivery are exciting new standards that allow customers to use a single flip-able cable to connect personal electronics. Texas Instruments helps bring USB Type-C and USB Power Delivery benefits to market faster with the most complete host and peripheral solutions and the industry’s best support for fast and easy implementation.

USB History:

USB is implemented in several forms today:

• USB 2.0 (also known as High Speed USB) achieves 480 Mb/s data rate while retaining backwards compatibility to USB 1.1 devices.
• USB 3.1 Gen 1 (also known as SuperSpeed USB) achieves 5 Gb/s data rate and implements a dual-bus architecture. One bus is a USB 2.0 bus and the other is a SuperSpeed bus.
• USB 3.1 Gen 2 (also known as SuperSpeedPlus USB) achieves 10 Gb/s data rate.
• USB-C cable and connector enables smaller product designs, enhances usability by providing reversible plug orientation and direction, and establishes a power delivery and charging infrastructure. Multiple serial standards including USB, Thunderbolt, DisplayPort and MHL, have announced support for the Type-C connector.

About USB Type - C

Physically, the Type-C port and connector is about the same size as that of the Micro-B USB mentioned above. A Type-C port measure just 8.4mm by 2.6mm. This means it's small enough to work for even the smallest peripheral devices. With Type-C, a USB cable's both ends will be the same, allowing for reversible plug orientation. You also don't need to worry about plugging it in upside down.

Set to be widely available starting 2015, Type-C USB will support USB 3.1 with the top speed of 10Gbps and has much high power output of up to 20V(100W) and 5A. Considering most 15-inch notebook computers require just around 60W of power, this means in the future laptop computers can be charged the way tablets and smartphones are now, via their little USB port. In fact Apple's latest 12-inch Macbook is the first notebook that incorporates a Type-C USB as its power port.

Going forwards, USB-C will enable storage vendors to make bus-powered (no separate power adapter required) external hard drives of much larger capacity, since it provides enough power to run one or even multiple desktop hard drives.

Type-C USB also allows for bi-directional power, so apart from charging the peripheral device, when applicable, a peripheral device could also charge a host device. All this means you can do away with an array of proprietary power adapters and USB cables, and move to a single robust and tiny solution that works for all devices. Type-C USB will significantly cut down the a amount of wires currently needed to make devices work.

Why  USB Type-C ?

Enhanced power delivery capabilities would allow this new technology to support traditional mobile device charging, but would also allow a laptop to power a computer monitor or a computer monitor with a power supply to charge a laptop through its USB C connector.

Native support of DisplayPort video and four channel audio will allow your device to connect to a computer monitor, HDTV, surround sound system and headphones — it will even support microphone connections — all over the same small, robust, powerful connection.

Transfer rates up to 10Gbits/s will make USB 3.1 the ideal solution for transferring large amounts of data, such as HD video for editing, Blu-ray™ authoring, or high resolution photos for editing or storage.

Backwards Compatability

The physical USB Type-C connector isn’t backwards compatible, but the underlying USB standard is. You can’t plug older USB devices into a modern, tiny USB Type-C port, nor can you connect a USB Type-C connector into an older, larger USB port. But that doesn’t mean you have to discard all your old peripherals. USB 3.1 is still backwards-compatible with older versions of USB, so you just need a physical adapter with a USB Type-C connector on one and and a larger, older-style USB port on the other. You can then plug your older devices directly into a USB Type-C port.

Realistically, many computers will have both USB Type-C ports and larger USB Type-A ports for the immediate future — like Google’s Chromebook Pixel. You’ll be able to slowly transition from your old devices, getting new peripherals with USB Type-C connectors. Even if you get a computer with only USB Type-C ports, like Apple’s new MacBook, adapters and hubs will fill the gap.

Referred link:

http://www.cnet.com/news/usb-type-c-one-cable-to-connect-them-all
http://www.cablestogo.com/tech/usb-3-1

http://www.howtogeek.com/211843/usb-type-c-explained-what-it-is-and-why-youll-want-it/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_Type-C

Smart Quill

Abstract  on Smart Quill seminar topic

In the market there are various pen’s available but none of them performs operations other than writing. This paper focuses on the extraordinary invention of a pen that performs operation more than writing. Smart Quill is a computer housed within a pen. This pen replaces the keyboard in the office, but it is highly convenient for people who takes notes by hand. The present fashion of computations has started desiring small computers. This has made computer manufacturing companies to go for roughly tool similar to computers. Reducing the size of the handheld computers can only be taken so far before they become impracticable. Keyboards become so infinitesimal you require needle-like fingers to operate them and screens that necessitate stable indicator control to study trouble-free text. 

Introduction

In this paper we are going to discuss about a pen that will retain the words that it is used to write, and then convert them into computer text. The idea that "it would be neat to put all of a handheld-PDA type computer in a pen". It is claimed to be the biggest revolution in handwriting since the invention of the pen. Users don't have to write on a special pad in order to record what they write. User could use this pen on any platform for writing such as tablet, screen or even air. The Smart Quill is not all space-age, though it contains an ink sealed unit so that users can witness what they write down on paper. Smart Quill contains sensors that trace movement by using the earth's solemnity system, irrespective of the device used. The pen report the information inserted by the user. Your words of data can also be uploaded to your PC through the “digital inkwell”, while the files that you might want to outlook on the pen are downloaded from Smart Quill as well. The Smart Quill overcomes the problem of typing.with subscripts and superscripts in a slightly smaller font size. This is acceptable. 

Working of Smart Quill

Smart Quill measures the movement of pen and then matches them to the movements that produce the words and letters programmed into its memory. It is a bit larger than an ordinary fountain pen. By pushing a button on the pen and writing what the user would like to enter, users can enter information and it does not necessarily need a screen. This technology has the ability to read handwriting not only on paper but on any horizontal or vertical flat surface. There is a three-line screen for reading the information stored in the pen. The users might also scroll down the screen by slightly tilting the pen. The user trains the pen to recognize a particular handwriting , as long as the handwriting is consistent. Even if the handwriting is quite messy the pen can recognize it. The notes are stored on the pen’s hard disk 

There are two techniques used:

1. Accelerometer technology

2. Handwriting recognition software.

The Accelerometer Technology

This technology uses a device called Accelerometer which is used for measuring motion. A tiny accelerometer in a pen could be used to detect the stops and starts, arcs and loops of handwriting, and transmit this information to a small microprocessor that would make sense of it as text. There's also the possibility of viewing a full page of text through a special monocular magnified "virtual" screen that could be built into the end of the pen. Invisible writing in air is achieved through this unique technology called accelerometer that monitors hand movements a n d can also be used as a virtual hinge to scroll around the small screen on the pen and detect left or right- handed use. It records movement by using the earth's gravity system, whether you write on paper or in the air. Hence it is independent of surface used. Movements are stored within the Smart Quill. This information is transmitted on to a small microprocessor that would make sense of it as a text displayed on the sleek built in screen. 

There are 2 types of accelerometer

1 ) Two Axes Accelerometer: This accelerometer measures acceleration in two axes. An example for Two Axes Accelerometer is ADXL202 Accelerometer.

2) Three Axes Accelerator: - This accelerometer measures acceleration in three axes. An example for Three Axes Accelerometer is Tronics +/- 2g accelerometer.

Handwriting Recognition Software

This software embedded in the microprocessor of the pen is used to recognize handwriting of the user. Pen works in conjunction with a regular PC on to which users install special handwriting recognition software.

The handwriting recognition software translates movements in to text on screen. Handwriting recognition software constitutes two major phases:

1. Handwriting transcription

2. Handwriting recognition

Handwriting Transcription

In this phase, the recorded acceleration signals are then transcript to its original form. Here this aspect is solved using simple double integration method in order to retrace the pen tip movement on paper.

Handwriting Recognition

The second huge aspect is the characters and signatures recognition. The hardware (accelerometers plus contact detector) embedded in the pen has

Advantages on Smart Quill

i. SmartQuill can read on any flat surface and not only on paper.

ii. SmartQuill is protected by password.

iii. It is portable and highly convenient.

iv. With modems, printers etc it can be linked.

Disadvantages on Smart Quill

i. SmartQuill has accelerometer errors.

ii. People with hand tremours have inconvenience with it.

iii. It has a size bigger than a normal pen.

iv. Due to the thermal variations in the spring errors are introduced in the system. 

Conclusion

This paper concentrates on providing people with a pen that performs much more functionality than an ordinary pen. We have discussed in detail about how SmartQuill works. It is a big support for people who takes notes on

paper. This paper includes the various features and how they are useful. Also, in this paper we have discussed the various advantages and disadvantages of this extraordinary pen. This paper includes the details on how the idea that

came to the inventor in her dreams work.

Reference Site:

http://ijcsn.org/IJCSN-2016/5-1/An-Overview-of-Smart-Quill.pdf

http://ijcat.org/IJCAT-2016/3-4/Smart-Quill-Pen-The-Hand-Held-Computer.pdf